[FTEA]
Violaceae, C. Grey-wilson. Flora of Tropical East Africa. 1986
- Habit
- Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees
- Leaves
- Leaves spirally arranged, rarely opposite or verticillate, simple, entire or toothed, rarely dissected; stipules present, small or foliaceous, the margin often ciliate or laciniate
- Flowers
- Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary or in a simple or compound inflorescence, often thyrsoid, terminal or axillary, usually hermaphrodite, sometimes unisexual on separate plants
- Calyx
- Sepals 5, free or united near the base, usually persistent
- Corolla
- Petals 5, free, equal or unequal, the anterior one (lowermost in flower) sometimes spurred, imbricate, generally deciduous
- Androecium
- Stamens 5, antisepalous, the lower pair (anterior) in zygomorphic flowers each with an appendage which projects into the spur and which secretes nectar; filaments free or united wholly or partly into a ring around the ovary; anthers introrse, usually with a prominent connective appendage, sometimes with thecal appendages also
- Gynoecium
- Ovary sessile, ± ovoid, 1-locular, with (2–)3, 4 or 5 parietal placentas; style solitary, often thickened towards the stigma, which is generally undivided
- Fruits
- Fruit a loculicidal capsule, generally splitting into 3 wide-spreading contractile valves, rarely a nut or berry
- Seeds
- Seeds generally with ample endosperm, occasionally arillate
[NTK]
Paula-Souza, J. & Ballard Jr, H.E. (2009). Neotropical Violaceae.
- Morphology
-
Description
Herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, treelets or trees, less frequently lianas. Leaves alternate or less frequently opposite or pseudo- whorled , entire , serrate (the teeth bearing a terminal gland ) or rarely pinnatifid or lobed ; stipules present, persistent or deciduous . Inflorescences of fascicles, simple or compound cymes, (pseudo-) racemes, or flowers solitary, axillary . Flowers actinomorphic to strongly zygomorphic , bisexual or rarely unisexual, hypogynous; pedicels often articulated, bracteoles often present; aestivation usually apotact or less frequently quincuncial or convolute; sepals 5, free , equal or slightly unequal, rarely strongly unequal, persistent ; petals 5, free , equal or strongly unequal in zygomorphic flowers, the lowest petal being usually bigger and gibbose or spurred; stamens 5 or rarely 3, free or the filaments fused, anthers usually with a dorsal membranous connective appendage , the filaments usually with nectar glands (in zygomorphic flowers the large nectaries are born on the filaments of the 2 dorsal stamens and are enclosed in the lowest petal's sac or spur); ovary 3-carpellate or rarely 2-4-carpellate, ovules 1-many with parietal placentation, style straight, curved or sigmoid . Fruit usually a leathery capsule , less frequently a woody or papery, bladder-like capsule , rarely a " berry " or nut ; seeds ( sub -) globose or less frequently strongly flattened and winged , discoid or irregularly angled, sometimes arillate, glabrous or less frequently pubescent .
- Distribution
-
Distribution in the Neotropics
- Amphirrhox Spreng. - S Central America, N South America and E coast of South America.
- Anchietea A.St.-Hil. - Widespread in South America.
- Corynostylis Mart. Gloeospermum Triana & Planch. - Central America, N South America.
- Fusispermum Cuatrec. - S Central America, N South America.
- Hekkingia H.E.Ballard & Munzinger - French Guiana, N Brazil (Roraima).
- Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza - endemic to Bahia state (Brazil).
- Hybanthus Jacq. - Widespread.
- Leonia Ruiz & Pav. - N South America.
- Mayanaea Lundell - Guatemala.
- Noisettia Kunth - N South America and E coast of South America.
- Orthion Standl. & Steyerm. - Central America.
- Paypayrola Aubl. - S Central America, N South America.
- Rinorea Aubl. - Central America, N South America and E coast of South America.
- Rinoreocarpus Ducke - N South America.
- Schweiggeria Spreng. - E Brazil.
- Viola L. - Widespread (mainly Central America and W South America).
- Diagnostic
-
Other important characters
- Ovarysuperior, 3-carpellate with parietal placentation.
- Stipules present (although sometimes deciduous).
- Glands present at the tip of teeth on serrate leaves.
- Anthers provided with membranous connective appendages.
- Filaments provided with nectarglands.
- Lianescent habit and strongly flattened seeds in Anchietea, Corynostylis and Hybanthopsis.
- Pappery, bladder-like capsules in Anchietea and Hybanthopsis.
- Capsules opening by a single londitudinal slit in Hybanthopsis.
- Auriculate sepals and pedicels not articulated in Viola.
- Sepals strongly unequal in Schweiggeria.
- Aestivation of petals convolute in Fusispermum.
- General Description
-
Number of genera
17 genera:
- Amphirrhox
- Anchietea
- Corynostylis
- Fusispermum
- Gloeospermum
- Hekkingia
- Hybanthopsis
- Hybanthus
- Leonia
- Mayanaea
- Noisettia
- Orthion
- Paypayrola
- Rinorea
- Rinoreocarpus
- Schweiggeria
- Viola
- All genera are endemic to the Neotropical region, except for Hybanthus, Rinorea and Viola.
- Literature
-
Important literature
Eichler, A.W. 1871. Violaceae. In: Martius, K.F.P & Eichler, A.W. (eds.) Flora Brasiliensis. Monachii, Typographia Regia. 13 (1): 345-396.
Hekking, W. H. A. 1984. Studies on neotropical Violaceae: The genus Fusispermum. Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetensch., C 87(2): 121-130.
Hekking, W.H.A. 1988. Violaceae (Rinorea and Rioneocarpus). In: Flora Neotropica: 46 (1). The New York Botanical Garden. New York. 207p.
Morton, C.V. 1944. The genus Hybanthus in continental North America. Contr. US. Natl. Herb. 29: 74-82.
Munzinger, J.K & Ballard, H.E. 2003. Hekkingia (Violaceae), a New Arborescent Violet Genus from French Guiana, with a Key to Genera in the Family. Syst. Bot. 28 (2): 345-351.
Paula-Souza, J. & Souza, V.C. 2003a. Hybanthopsis, a new genus of Violaceae from Eastern Brazil. Brittonia. New York, U.S.A. 55 (2): 206 - 210.
Robyns, A. 1957. In: Woodson, R.E. & Schery, R.W. Flora of Panama. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 54: 65-84.
Schulze, G.K. 1936. Morphologisch-systematische Studien über die Gattung Hybanthus mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der südamerikanischen Arten. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 67: 437-492.
Smith, L.B. & Fernandéz-Pérez, A. 1954. Revisio Violacearum Colombiae. Caldasia 6 (28): 83-181.
Sparre, B. 1950. Estudios sobre las Violaceas Argentinas. Lilloa 23: 515-574.
Standley, P.C. & Williams, L.O. 1961. Flora of Guatemala 8. Fieldiana, Bot. 24, 7 (1): 70-82.
Okuoka, T. 2008. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Violaceae (Malpighiales) based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. J.Plant Res. 121: 253-260.
[FZ]
Violaceae, N. K. B. Robson. Flora Zambesiaca 1:1. 1960
- Habit
- Shrubs or perennial or annual herbs (more rarely trees)
- Leaves
- Leaves alternate (rarely opposite or whorled), simple, entire or serrate to dentate (rarely ± dissected), usually with 2 stipules
- Flowers
- Flowers actinomorphic or, more often, ± zygomorphic, bisexual (rarely polygamous or dioecious)
- Calyx
- Sepals 5, free or shortly united, quincuncial or open in bud, usually persistent
- Corolla
- Petals 5, free, equal or ± unequal, the anterior one frequently ± spurred, imbricate, usually deciduous, alternating with the sepals
- Androecium
- Stamens 5, antisepalous, similar or ± dissimilar, the anterior pair in zygomorphic flowers with appendages which project into the spur, filaments free ± united, often forming a cylinder round the ovary; anthers usually introrse, free ± united, usually with a prolongation of the connective
- Gynoecium
- Ovary free, sessile, usually ± ovoid, 1-locular, with (2) 3 (4–5) parietal placentas each bearing 1–? ovules; styles completely united, usually thickened above, often ± S-shaped in zygomorphic flowers, stigma usually undivided
- Fruits
- Fruit a loculicidal capsule usually with contractile carinate valves, rarely a berry or nut
- Seeds
- Seeds sometimes with a small aril, usually with abundant endosperm
[FWTA]
Violaceae, Hutchinson and Dalziel. Flora of West Tropical Africa 1:1. 1954
- Habit
- Herbs, shrubs, or small trees
- Leaves
- Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, stipulate
- Flowers
- Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, from solitary to paniculate
- Calyx
- Sepals 5, imbricate
- Corolla
- Petals 5, nearly equal or the lower larger and often clawed, imbricate
- Androecium
- Stamens hypogynous, 5, alternate with the petals; anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise, with the connective produced beyond the cells
- Gynoecium
- Ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled, with usually 3 parietal placentas each with one or more ovules; style usually simple
- Fruits
- Fruit an elastic loculicidal capsule, one- or more-seeded
- Seeds
- Seeds with fleshy endosperm and central mostly straight embryo
- Afrohybanthus Flicker
- Agatea A.Gray
- Allexis Pierre
- Amphirrhox Spreng.
- Anchietea A.St.-Hil.
- Bribria Wahlert & H.E.Ballard
- Calyptrion Ging.
- Decorsella A.Chev.
- Fusispermum Cuatrec.
- Hybanthopsis Paula-Souza
- Hybanthus Jacq.
- Isodendrion A.Gray
- Ixchelia H.E.Ballard & Wahlert
- Leonia Ruiz & Pav.
- Melicytus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Noisettia Kunth
- Orthion Standl. & Steyerm.
- Paypayrola Aubl.
- Phyllanoa Croizat
- Pigea Ging.
- Pombalia Vand.
- Rinorea Aubl.
- Schweiggeria Spreng.
- Scyphellandra Thwaites
- Viola L.
Violaceae Batsch appears in other Kew resources:
First published in Tab. Affin. Regni Veg. 57. 1802 [2 May 1802] (as "Violariae") (1802)
Accepted by
- APG IV (2016) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385
Flora Zambesiaca
Flora Zambesiaca
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Flora of Tropical East Africa
Flora of Tropical East Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Flora of West Tropical Africa
Flora of West Tropical Africa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Neotropikey
Milliken, W., Klitgard, B. and Baracat, A. (2009 onwards), Neotropikey - Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0