Betula pendula Roth

Native to:

Alaska, Albania, Alberta, Altay, Amur, Argentina South, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, British Columbia, Bulgaria, Buryatiya, Central European Rus, China North-Central, China South-Central, Chita, Corse, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East European Russia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Inner Mongolia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Irkutsk, Italy, Japan, Kamchatka, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Korea, Krasnoyarsk, Krym, Kuril Is., Magadan, Manchuria, Manitoba, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russi, Northwest European R, Northwest Territorie, Norway, Ontario, Poland, Portugal, Primorye, Qinghai, Romania, Sakhalin, Saskatchewan, Sicilia, South European Russi, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tibet, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Tuva, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, West Siberia, Yakutskiya, Yugoslavia, Yukon

Introduced into:

Argentina Northeast, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tasmania, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin

POWO follows these authorities in accepting this name:

• Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
• Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. (2013). The genus Betula: a taxonomic revision of birches: 1-431. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Govaerts, R. (1996). World Checklist of Seed Plants 2(1, 2): 1-492. MIM, Deurne.
• Govaerts, R. (2003). World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Jonsell, B. (ed.) (2000). Flora Nordica 1: 1-344. The Bergius Foundaton.
• Komiljon, T., Natalya, B., Avazbek, B., Dilnoza, A., Ziyoviddin, Y., Deng, T. & Sun, H. (2020). Flora of the Dzhizak Province, Uzbekistan: 1-523. China Forestry Publishing House.
• Kozhevnikov, A.E., Kozhevnikov, Z.V., Kwak, M. & Lee, B.Y. (2019). Illustrated flora of the Primorsky Territory, Russian Far East: 1-1124. National institute of biological resources.
• Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
• Mirek, Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa, H., Zając, A. & Zając, M (2020). Vascular plants of Poland an annotated checklist: 1-526. W. Szafer institute of botany, Polish academy of sciences, Krakow, Poland.
• Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
• Nikolin, E.G. (2013). Conspectus florae resource rezervat "Suntar-Hayata" republic Sakha (Yakutia). Rastitel'nyj mir Aziatskoj Rossii 2(11): 47-57.
• Nikolin, E.G. (2020). Opredelitel' vysshikh rasteniy Yakutii: 1-895. Moskva : Tovarishchestvo Nauchnykh Izdaniy KMK Novosibirsk "Nauka".
• Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
• Webb, C.J., Sykes, W.R & Garnock-Jones, P.J. (1988). Flora of New Zealand 4: 1-1365. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
• Zare, H., Akbarinia, M., Hosseini, S.M., Ejtehadi, H. & Amini Eshkevari, T. (2010). A new record of Betula litwinowii (Betulaceae) and review of the geographical distribution of the genus Betula L. in Iran. Iranian Journal of Botany 16: 237-241.
• Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) (2017). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 17: 1-434. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.
• de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.

Kew Species Profiles

• Allen, D. A., Hatfield, G. (2004). Medicinal Plants in Folk Tradition: An Ethnobotany of Britain and Ireland. Timber Press, Cambridge.
• Bruneton, J. (1999). Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants 2nd edn. Lavoisier, Paris.
• Evers, M., Poujade, C., Soler, F., et al. (1996). Betulinic Acid Derivatives: A New Class of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Specific Inhibitors with a New Mode of Action. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 39: 1056-1068.
• Williamson, E. M. (2003). Potter’s Herbal Cyclopaedia. C. W. Daniel, Saffron Walden.

Kew Backbone Distributions

• Ackerfield, J. (2015). Flora of Colorado: 1-818. BRIT Press.
• Ashburner, K. & McAllister, H.A. (2013). The genus Betula: a taxonomic revision of birches: 1-431. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
• Chadde, S.W. (2019). Wisconsin Flora ed. 2: 1-818. Steve W. Chadde.
• Lazkov, G.A. & Sultanova, B.A. (2011). Checklist of vascular plants of Kyrgyzstan. Norrlinia 24: 1-166.
• Meyers, S.C. & al. (eds.) (2020). Flora of Oregon 2: 1-861. Botanical research institute of Texas Press.
• Mohlenbrock, R.H. (2014). Vascular Flora of Illinois. A Field Guide, ed. 4: 1-536. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale.
• Stace, C. (2019). New Flora of the British Isles ed. 4: 1-1266. C & M Floristics.
• Webb, C.J., Sykes, W.R & Garnock-Jones, P.J. (1988). Flora of New Zealand 4: 1-1365. R.E.Owen, Government Printer, Wellington.
• Zuloaga, F.O. & Belgrano, M.J. (eds.) (2017). Flora Argentina. Flora vascular de la República Argentina 17: 1-434. INTA, IMBIV & IBODA.
• de Salas, MF, Baker, ML (2022). A Census of the Vascular Plants of Tasmania, including Macquarie Island: 1-161. Tasmanian Herbarium, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. https://flora.tmag.tas.gov.au/resources/census/.