- Family: Araceae Juss.
Xanthosoma Schott
This genus is accepted, and its native range is Mexico to Tropical America.
[CATE]
CATE Araceae, 17 Dec 2011. araceae.e-monocot.org
- Habitat
- Tropical moist and humid forest, subtropical forest; geophytes on forest floor, in wet places, swamps, river banks, seasonally flooded sites, grassy places, plantations, some species are weedy.
- Diagnostic
- Small to gigantic terrestrial, evergreen or seasonally dormant herbs with milky latex, stem tuberous and hypogeal or aerial and erect; leaf blade usually cordate or sagittate to pedatisect, submarginal collective vein present, fine venation reticulate; spathe strongly constricted, tube persistent, blade deciduous after flowering; spadix male and female zones separated by conspicuous zone of sterile flowers, fertile to apex; flowers unisexual, perigone absent; male flower a truncate synandrium. Differs from Chlorospatha in having a subglobose, inflated spathe tube, female zone of spadix free from spathe, styles normally discoid (laterally swollen) and coherent (except Xanthosoma plowmanii ), synandrodes (sterile flowers) between male and female flowers well-developed, ± prismatic.
- Vernacular
- “ cocoyam”, “ tannia"
- Distribution
- Mexico to Trop. America.
- General Description
- Latex milky. HABIT : small to gigantic, sometimes arborescent, evergreen or seasonally dormant herbs, stem either a thick, subcylindric, hypogeal tuber often producing smaller tubers on stoloniferous side branches or often with a distal, epigeal, massive, arborescent upper part, or an entirely hypogeal subglobose tuber, bearing many very small tubercles in some spp. ( X. pubescens , X. viviparum), tuber sometimes yellow within. LEAVES : several, rarely pubescent. PETIOLE : sheath usually rather long. BLADE : cordate, sagittate, hastate, trifid, trisect, pedatifid or pedatisect, rarely linear-lanceolate to ovate with emarginate base, rarely peltate; basal ribs well-developed, often denuded proximally, primary lateral veins pinnate, forming submarginal collective vein, 1 or more distinct marginal veins also present, secondary and tertiary laterals arising from the primaries at a wide angle, forming interprimary collective vein, higher order venation reticulate. INFLORESCENCE : 1 to many in each floral sympodium, always appearing with leaves. PEDUNCLE : usually rather short, rarely long. SPATHE : strongly constricted, tube with convolute margins, ovoid to ellipsoid, usually ventricose, rather thick-walled in large species, persistent, blade boat-shaped-oblong to -oblong-lanceolate, gaping and erect or sometimes reflexed at anthesis, marcescent after anthesis and then deciduous. SPADIX : shorter than spathe, densely flowered, female zone cylindric-conoid, often obliquely inserted onto peduncle, separated from male zone by longer, conoid to attenuate, basally thicker zone of sterile male flowers, male zone cylindric-conoid, longer than female zone, usually fertile to apex, rarely with a few sterile flowers at extreme apex. FLOWERS : unisexual, perigone absent. MALE FLOWER : 4-6-androus, connate into a truncate-obpyramidal, subpentagonal or hexagonal synandrium, anthers lateral, nearly reaching base of synandrium, common connective thick, thecae obversely oblong or tapering basally, dehiscing by subapical pore or short slit. POLLEN : extruded in strands, shed in tetrads, inaperturate, ellipsoid to subspherical, medium-sized (mean 42 µm., range 35-49 µm., tetrads :- mean 76 µm., range 62-97 µm.), exine minutely punctate- or fossulate-verruculate. STERILE MALE FLOWER : composed of obpyramidal truncate, laterally compressed synandrodes, lowermost larger, uppermost narrower and more elongated (in sense of spadix axis). FEMALE FLOWER : ovary ovoid, 2-4-locular, more rarely 1-locular, ovules (12-)20 to very numerous, anatropous or hemianatropous, funicles rather long, placentae usually pseudoaxile, or sometimes parietal or axile basally, style broader than ovary, usually discoid-thickened coherent to weakly connate with those of neighbouring flowers, rarely free and swollen ( X. plowmanii), stigma subhemispheric or 2-4-lobed, yellow, narrower than style. BERRY : cylindric, somewhat furrowed apically, whitish to orange, many-seeded. SEED : ovoid, testa costate, embryo axile, subequal to endosperm, endosperm copious.
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[CATE]
- Use
- X. sagittifolium and its many varieties are important subsistence food plants throughout the humid tropics of the world due to their starch- and protein-rich tuberous stems (see chapter 15).
Native to:
Argentina Northwest, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil North, Brazil Northeast, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Brazil West-Central, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Leeward Is., Mexico Central, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southeast, Mexico Southwest, Nicaragua, Panamá, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Suriname, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuela, Windward Is.
Introduced into:
Alabama, Bangladesh, Benin, Borneo, Cayman Is., Christmas I., Cook Is., Easter Is., Gabon, Galápagos, Gilbert Is., Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Is., Hawaii, Jamaica, Malaya, Niue, Norfolk Is., Society Is., Venezuelan Antilles, Zaïre, Zimbabwe
- Xanthosoma acevedoi Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma acutilobum Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma acutum E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma akkermansii (G.S.Bunting) Croat
- Xanthosoma alpayacuense Croat & L.P.Hannon
- Xanthosoma alversonii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma amacayacuense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma anderssonii Croat
- Xanthosoma aristeguietae (G.S.Bunting) Madison
- Xanthosoma asplundii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma auriculatum Regel
- Xanthosoma australe Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma baguense Croat
- Xanthosoma bakhuisense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma barbacoasense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma barbourii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma barinasense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma bayo G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma belophyllum (Willd.) Kunth
- Xanthosoma berlinii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma betancurii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma bilineatum Rusby
- Xanthosoma bolivaranum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma brasiliense (Desf.) Engl.
- Xanthosoma brevispathaceum Engl.
- Xanthosoma buntingianum Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma caladioides Grayum
- Xanthosoma calcaense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma callejasii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma camposii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma caquetense Croat, Delannay & Edwin Trujillo
- Xanthosoma caracu K.Koch & C.D.Bouché
- Xanthosoma caucavallense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma caulotuberculatum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma ceronii Croat & L.P.Hannon
- Xanthosoma cerrosapense Croat & O.Ortiz
- Xanthosoma chaparense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma cinchonaense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma conspurcatum Schott
- Xanthosoma contractum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma cordatum N.E.Br.
- Xanthosoma cordifolium N.E.Br.
- Xanthosoma corentynense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma crassilaminum Croat & L.P.Hannon
- Xanthosoma crassinervium Croat & L.P.Hannon
- Xanthosoma cremersii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma cubense (Schott) Schott
- Xanthosoma cundinamarcense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma daguense Engl.
- Xanthosoma danielsii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma daulense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma davidsmithii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma davidsonii Croat
- Xanthosoma dealbatum Grayum
- Xanthosoma debelliae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma delannayi Croat
- Xanthosoma diazii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma dodsonii Croat
- Xanthosoma eggersii (Engl.) Engl.
- Xanthosoma epipetricum Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma exiguum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma flavomaculatum Engl.
- Xanthosoma fonnegrae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma foreroi Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma fractum Madison
- Xanthosoma fuentesii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma galianoi Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma gillespieae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma giraldoi Croat, Delannay & E.Calderón
- Xanthosoma gonzalezii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma granvillei Croat & Thomps.
- Xanthosoma grayumii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma guaramacalense Croat, Stergios & Delannay
- Xanthosoma guttatum Croat & D.C.Bay
- Xanthosoma hammelii Croat, Delannay & O.Ortiz
- Xanthosoma hannoniae Croat
- Xanthosoma harlingianum (Croat) Croat & L.P.Hannon
- Xanthosoma hebetatum Croat & D.C.Bay
- Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott
- Xanthosoma herrerae Croat & P.Huang
- Xanthosoma huilense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma hylaeae Engl. & K.Krause
- Xanthosoma jaramilloi Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma jatunsachense Croat, Delannay & Cerón
- Xanthosoma jorgeramosii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma killipii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma knappiae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma kressii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma kvistii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma lagunaense Croat, Stergios & Delannay
- Xanthosoma laselvaense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma latestigmatum Bogner & E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma liesneri Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma linganii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma lojaense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma lojtnantii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma longepedunculum Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma longilobum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma lucens E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma luteynii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma macarenense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma mafaffoides G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma mansellii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma mariae Bogner & E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma mariquitense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma maroae G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma mashpiense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma maximiliani Schott
- Xanthosoma mendozae Matuda
- Xanthosoma mexicanum Liebm.
- Xanthosoma monteagudoi Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma muluwataya Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma munchiquense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma mutataense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma nambiense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma nangaritzense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma narinoense Bogner & L.P.Hannon
- Xanthosoma nestorpazii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma nitidum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma nodosum Croat & V.Pellet.
- Xanthosoma nowickii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma nunezii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma obtusilobum Engl.
- Xanthosoma ollgaardii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma orinocense G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma ortizii Croat
- Xanthosoma oyuelae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma pailaense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma palaciosii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma palenquense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma panguiense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma paradoxum (Bogner & Mayo) Bogner
- Xanthosoma pariense G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma paruimaense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma pedatisectum E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma peltatum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma pennellii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma pentaphyllum (Schott) Engl.
- Xanthosoma petaquillense Croat
- Xanthosoma petersiae Croat, Delannay & Lingán
- Xanthosoma piquambiense Croat, Scherber. & G.Ferry
- Xanthosoma platylobum (Schott) Engl.
- Xanthosoma plowmanii Bogner
- Xanthosoma poecile (Schott) E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma poeppigii Schott
- Xanthosoma pottii E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma puberulum Croat
- Xanthosoma pubescens Poepp.
- Xanthosoma pulcachense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma pulchrum E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma purpureomaculatum Croat & L.P.Hannon
- Xanthosoma reinae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma renteriae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma reticulatum (Engl.) Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma riedelianum (Schott) Schott
- Xanthosoma riparium E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma robustum Schott
- Xanthosoma rubrispathum E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma rupununiense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott
- Xanthosoma saguasense G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma sandiaense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma sanintiae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma scherberichii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma schunkei Croat
- Xanthosoma seideliae Croat
- Xanthosoma silverstonei Croat
- Xanthosoma sinnamaryense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma sizemoreae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma stenospathum Madison
- Xanthosoma stergiosii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma striatipes (Kunth & C.D.Bouché) Madison
- Xanthosoma striolatum Mart. ex Schott
- Xanthosoma syngoniifolium Rusby
- Xanthosoma tachiraense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma taioba E.G.Gonç.
- Xanthosoma tarapotense Engl.
- Xanthosoma thompsoniae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma trichophyllum K.Krause
- Xanthosoma trilobum G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma trinitense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma tuberculatum Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma tuberquiae Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma ucumariense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma ulei Engl.
- Xanthosoma undipes (K.Koch & C.D.Bouché) K.Koch
- Xanthosoma vargasii Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma villaricense Croat, Delannay & Lingán
- Xanthosoma viviparum Madison
- Xanthosoma weeksii Madison
- Xanthosoma wendlandii (Schott) Standl.
- Xanthosoma wurdackii Croat, Delannay & G.S.Bunting
- Xanthosoma yarumalense Croat & Delannay
- Xanthosoma yucatanense Engl.
- Xanthosoma zamoraense Croat & Delannay
Xanthosoma Schott appears in other Kew resources:
Date | Reference | Identified As | Barcode | Type Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
27378.000 |
First published in H.W.Schott & S.L.Endlicher, Melet. Bot.: 19 (1832)
Accepted by
- Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Literature
Flora of West Tropical Africa
- Engl., Pflanzenr. 4, 23 E: 41 (1920).
- in Schott & Endl., Melet. 1: 19 (1832)
CATE Araceae
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.
CATE Araceae
Haigh, A., Clark, B., Reynolds, L., Mayo, S.J., Croat, T.B., Lay, L., Boyce, P.C., Mora, M., Bogner, J., Sellaro, M., Wong, S.Y., Kostelac, C., Grayum, M.H., Keating, R.C., Ruckert, G., Naylor, M.F. and Hay, A., CATE Araceae, 17 Dec 2011.
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Herbarium Catalogue Specimens
'The Herbarium Catalogue, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet http://www.kew.org/herbcat [accessed on Day Month Year]'. Please enter the date on which you consulted the system.
Kew Backbone Distributions
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone
The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2021. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/
© Copyright 2017 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0